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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul> |
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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li> |
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| |
| <div class="section" id="security"> |
| <h1>Security<a class="headerlink" href="#security" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> |
| <p>This page describes some “best practices” regarding web security, and |
| details CodeIgniter’s internal security features.</p> |
| <div class="admonition note"> |
| <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> |
| <p class="last">If you came here looking for a security contact, please refer to |
| our <cite>Contribution Guide <../contributing/index></cite>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="uri-security"> |
| <h2>URI Security<a class="headerlink" href="#uri-security" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>CodeIgniter is fairly restrictive regarding which characters it allows |
| in your URI strings in order to help minimize the possibility that |
| malicious data can be passed to your application. URIs may only contain |
| the following:</p> |
| <ul class="simple"> |
| <li>Alpha-numeric text (latin characters only)</li> |
| <li>Tilde: ~</li> |
| <li>Percent sign: %</li> |
| <li>Period: .</li> |
| <li>Colon: :</li> |
| <li>Underscore: _</li> |
| <li>Dash: -</li> |
| <li>Space</li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="register-globals"> |
| <h2>Register_globals<a class="headerlink" href="#register-globals" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>During system initialization all global variables that are found to exist |
| in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_GET</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_REQUEST</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_COOKIE</span></code> are unset.</p> |
| <p>The unsetting routine is effectively the same as <em>register_globals = off</em>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="display-errors"> |
| <h2>display_errors<a class="headerlink" href="#display-errors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>In production environments, it is typically desirable to “disable” PHP’s |
| error reporting by setting the internal <em>display_errors</em> flag to a value |
| of 0. This disables native PHP errors from being rendered as output, |
| which may potentially contain sensitive information.</p> |
| <p>Setting CodeIgniter’s <strong>ENVIRONMENT</strong> constant in index.php to a value of |
| <strong>‘production’</strong> will turn off these errors. In development mode, it is |
| recommended that a value of ‘development’ is used. More information |
| about differentiating between environments can be found on the |
| <a class="reference internal" href="environments.html"><span class="doc">Handling Environments</span></a> page.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="magic-quotes-runtime"> |
| <h2>magic_quotes_runtime<a class="headerlink" href="#magic-quotes-runtime" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>The <em>magic_quotes_runtime</em> directive is turned off during system |
| initialization so that you don’t have to remove slashes when retrieving |
| data from your database.</p> |
| <div class="section" id="best-practices"> |
| <h3>Best Practices<a class="headerlink" href="#best-practices" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>Before accepting any data into your application, whether it be POST data |
| from a form submission, COOKIE data, URI data, XML-RPC data, or even |
| data from the SERVER array, you are encouraged to practice this three |
| step approach:</p> |
| <ol class="arabic simple"> |
| <li>Validate the data to ensure it conforms to the correct type, length, |
| size, etc.</li> |
| <li>Filter the data as if it were tainted.</li> |
| <li>Escape the data before submitting it into your database or outputting |
| it to a browser.</li> |
| </ol> |
| <p>CodeIgniter provides the following functions and tips to assist you |
| in this process:</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="xss-filtering"> |
| <h2>XSS Filtering<a class="headerlink" href="#xss-filtering" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>CodeIgniter comes with a Cross Site Scripting filter. This filter |
| looks for commonly used techniques to embed malicious JavaScript into |
| your data, or other types of code that attempt to hijack cookies or |
| do other malicious things. The XSS Filter is described |
| <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">here</span></a>.</p> |
| <div class="admonition note"> |
| <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> |
| <p class="last">XSS filtering should <em>only be performed on output</em>. Filtering |
| input data may modify the data in undesirable ways, including |
| stripping special characters from passwords, which reduces |
| security instead of improving it.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="csrf-protection"> |
| <h2>CSRF protection<a class="headerlink" href="#csrf-protection" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>CSRF stands for Cross-Site Request Forgery, which is the process of an |
| attacker tricking their victim into unknowingly submitting a request.</p> |
| <p>CodeIgniter provides CSRF protection out of the box, which will get |
| automatically triggered for every non-GET HTTP request, but also needs |
| you to create your submit forms in a certain way. This is explained in |
| the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a> documentation.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="password-handling"> |
| <h2>Password handling<a class="headerlink" href="#password-handling" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>It is <em>critical</em> that you handle passwords in your application properly.</p> |
| <p>Unfortunately, many developers don’t know how to do that, and the web is |
| full of outdated or otherwise wrongful advices, which doesn’t help.</p> |
| <p>We would like to give you a list of combined do’s and don’ts to help you |
| with that. Please read below.</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li><p class="first">DO NOT store passwords in plain-text format.</p> |
| <p>Always <strong>hash</strong> your passwords.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li><p class="first">DO NOT use Base64 or similar encoding for storing passwords.</p> |
| <p>This is as good as storing them in plain-text. Really. Do <strong>hashing</strong>, |
| not <em>encoding</em>.</p> |
| <p>Encoding, and encryption too, are two-way processes. Passwords are |
| secrets that must only be known to their owner, and thus must work |
| only in one direction. Hashing does that - there’s <em>no</em> un-hashing or |
| de-hashing, but there is decoding and decryption.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li><p class="first">DO NOT use weak or broken hashing algorithms like MD5 or SHA1.</p> |
| <p>These algorithms are old, proven to be flawed, and not designed for |
| password hashing in the first place.</p> |
| <p>Also, DON’T invent your own algorithms.</p> |
| <p>Only use strong password hashing algorithms like BCrypt, which is used |
| in PHP’s own <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/password">Password Hashing</a> functions.</p> |
| <p>Please use them, even if you’re not running PHP 5.5+, CodeIgniter |
| provides them for you.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li><p class="first">DO NOT ever display or send a password in plain-text format!</p> |
| <p>Even to the password’s owner, if you need a “Forgotten password” |
| feature, just randomly generate a new, one-time (this is also important) |
| password and send that instead.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li><p class="first">DO NOT put unnecessary limits on your users’ passwords.</p> |
| <p>If you’re using a hashing algorithm other than BCrypt (which has a limit |
| of 72 characters), you should set a relatively high limit on password |
| lengths in order to mitigate DoS attacks - say, 1024 characters.</p> |
| <p>Other than that however, there’s no point in forcing a rule that a |
| password can only be up to a number of characters, or that it can’t |
| contain a certain set of special characters.</p> |
| <p>Not only does this <strong>reduce</strong> security instead of improving it, but |
| there’s literally no reason to do it. No technical limitations and |
| no (practical) storage constraints apply once you’ve hashed them, none!</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="validate-input-data"> |
| <h2>Validate input data<a class="headerlink" href="#validate-input-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>CodeIgniter has a <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> that assists you in |
| validating, filtering, and prepping your data.</p> |
| <p>Even if that doesn’t work for your use case however, be sure to always |
| validate and sanitize all input data. For example, if you expect a numeric |
| string for an input variable, you can check for that with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_numeric()</span></code> |
| or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ctype_digit()</span></code>. Always try to narrow down your checks to a certain |
| pattern.</p> |
| <p>Have it in mind that this includes not only <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_GET</span></code> |
| variables, but also cookies, the user-agent string and basically |
| <em>all data that is not created directly by your own code</em>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="escape-all-data-before-database-insertion"> |
| <h2>Escape all data before database insertion<a class="headerlink" href="#escape-all-data-before-database-insertion" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>Never insert information into your database without escaping it. |
| Please see the section that discusses <a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html"><span class="doc">database queries</span></a> for more information.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="hide-your-files"> |
| <h2>Hide your files<a class="headerlink" href="#hide-your-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>Another good security practice is to only leave your <em>index.php</em> |
| and “assets” (e.g. .js, css and image files) under your server’s |
| <em>webroot</em> directory (most commonly named “htdocs/”). These are |
| the only files that you would need to be accessible from the web.</p> |
| <p>Allowing your visitors to see anything else would potentially |
| allow them to access sensitive data, execute scripts, etc.</p> |
| <p>If you’re not allowed to do that, you can try using a .htaccess |
| file to restrict access to those resources.</p> |
| <p>CodeIgniter will have an index.html file in all of its |
| directories in an attempt to hide some of this data, but have |
| it in mind that this is not enough to prevent a serious |
| attacker.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| |
| |
| </div> |
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