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| |
| <div class="section" id="queries"> |
| <h1>Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> |
| <div class="section" id="query-basics"> |
| <h2>Query Basics<a class="headerlink" href="#query-basics" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <div class="section" id="regular-queries"> |
| <h3>Regular Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#regular-queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>To submit a query, use the <strong>query</strong> function:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'YOUR QUERY HERE'</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>The query() function returns a database result <strong>object</strong> when “read” |
| type queries are run, which you can use to <a class="reference internal" href="results.html"><span class="doc">show your |
| results</span></a>. When “write” type queries are run it simply |
| returns TRUE or FALSE depending on success or failure. When retrieving |
| data you will typically assign the query to your own variable, like |
| this:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'YOUR QUERY HERE'</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="simplified-queries"> |
| <h3>Simplified Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#simplified-queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>The <strong>simple_query</strong> method is a simplified version of the |
| $this->db->query() method. It DOES |
| NOT return a database result set, nor does it set the query timer, or |
| compile bind data, or store your query for debugging. It simply lets you |
| submit a query. Most users will rarely use this function.</p> |
| <p>It returns whatever the database drivers’ “execute” function returns. |
| That typically is TRUE/FALSE on success or failure for write type queries |
| such as INSERT, DELETE or UPDATE statements (which is what it really |
| should be used for) and a resource/object on success for queries with |
| fetchable results.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">simple_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'YOUR QUERY'</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| <span class="p">{</span> |
| <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s2">"Success!"</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| <span class="p">}</span> |
| <span class="k">else</span> |
| <span class="p">{</span> |
| <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s2">"Query failed!"</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| <span class="p">}</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="admonition note"> |
| <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> |
| <p class="last">PostgreSQL’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pg_exec()</span></code> function (for example) always |
| returns a resource on success, even for write type queries. |
| So take that in mind if you’re looking for a boolean value.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="working-with-database-prefixes-manually"> |
| <h2>Working with Database prefixes manually<a class="headerlink" href="#working-with-database-prefixes-manually" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>If you have configured a database prefix and would like to prepend it to |
| a table name for use in a native SQL query for example, then you can use |
| the following:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">dbprefix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'tablename'</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// outputs prefix_tablename</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>If for any reason you would like to change the prefix programatically |
| without needing to create a new connection, you can use this method:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">set_dbprefix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'newprefix_'</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">dbprefix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'tablename'</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// outputs newprefix_tablename</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="protecting-identifiers"> |
| <h2>Protecting identifiers<a class="headerlink" href="#protecting-identifiers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>In many databases it is advisable to protect table and field names - for |
| example with backticks in MySQL. <strong>Query Builder queries are |
| automatically protected</strong>, however if you need to manually protect an |
| identifier you can use:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">protect_identifiers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'table_name'</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="admonition important"> |
| <p class="first admonition-title">Important</p> |
| <p class="last">Although the Query Builder will try its best to properly |
| quote any field and table names that you feed it, note that it |
| is NOT designed to work with arbitrary user input. DO NOT feed it |
| with unsanitized user data.</p> |
| </div> |
| <p>This function will also add a table prefix to your table, assuming you |
| have a prefix specified in your database config file. To enable the |
| prefixing set TRUE (boolean) via the second parameter:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">protect_identifiers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'table_name'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="escaping-queries"> |
| <h2>Escaping Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#escaping-queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>It’s a very good security practice to escape your data before submitting |
| it into your database. CodeIgniter has three methods that help you do |
| this:</p> |
| <ol class="arabic"> |
| <li><p class="first"><strong>$this->db->escape()</strong> This function determines the data type so |
| that it can escape only string data. It also automatically adds |
| single quotes around the data so you don’t have to:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"INSERT INTO table (title) VALUES("</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">escape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s2">")"</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li><p class="first"><strong>$this->db->escape_str()</strong> This function escapes the data passed to |
| it, regardless of type. Most of the time you’ll use the above |
| function rather than this one. Use the function like this:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"INSERT INTO table (title) VALUES('"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">escape_str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s2">"')"</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li><p class="first"><strong>$this->db->escape_like_str()</strong> This method should be used when |
| strings are to be used in LIKE conditions so that LIKE wildcards |
| (‘%’, ‘_’) in the string are also properly escaped.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ol> |
| <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$search</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'20% raise'</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| <span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"SELECT id FROM table WHERE column LIKE '%"</span> <span class="o">.</span> |
| <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">escape_like_str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$search</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s2">"%' ESCAPE '!'"</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="admonition important"> |
| <p class="first admonition-title">Important</p> |
| <p class="last">The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">escape_like_str()</span></code> method uses ‘!’ (exclamation mark) |
| to escape special characters for <em>LIKE</em> conditions. Because this |
| method escapes partial strings that you would wrap in quotes |
| yourself, it cannot automatically add the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ESCAPE</span> <span class="pre">'!'</span></code> |
| condition for you, and so you’ll have to manually do that.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="query-bindings"> |
| <h2>Query Bindings<a class="headerlink" href="#query-bindings" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>Bindings enable you to simplify your query syntax by letting the system |
| put the queries together for you. Consider the following example:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"SELECT * FROM some_table WHERE id = ? AND status = ? AND author = ?"</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'live'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Rick'</span><span class="p">));</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>The question marks in the query are automatically replaced with the |
| values in the array in the second parameter of the query function.</p> |
| <p>Binding also work with arrays, which will be transformed to IN sets:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"SELECT * FROM some_table WHERE id IN ? AND status = ? AND author = ?"</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s1">'live'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Rick'</span><span class="p">));</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>The resulting query will be:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="nx">FROM</span> <span class="nx">some_table</span> <span class="nx">WHERE</span> <span class="nx">id</span> <span class="nx">IN</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="nx">status</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'live'</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="nx">author</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Rick'</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>The secondary benefit of using binds is that the values are |
| automatically escaped, producing safer queries. You don’t have to |
| remember to manually escape data; the engine does it automatically for |
| you.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="handling-errors"> |
| <h2>Handling Errors<a class="headerlink" href="#handling-errors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p><strong>$this->db->error();</strong></p> |
| <p>If you need to get the last error that has occurred, the error() method |
| will return an array containing its code and message. Here’s a quick |
| example:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">simple_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'SELECT `example_field` FROM `example_table`'</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| <span class="p">{</span> |
| <span class="nv">$error</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">error</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// Has keys 'code' and 'message'</span> |
| <span class="p">}</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
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