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| <div class="section" id="news-section"> |
| <h1>News section<a class="headerlink" href="#news-section" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> |
| <p>In the last section, we went over some basic concepts of the framework |
| by writing a class that includes static pages. We cleaned up the URI by |
| adding custom routing rules. Now it’s time to introduce dynamic content |
| and start using a database.</p> |
| <div class="section" id="setting-up-your-model"> |
| <h2>Setting up your model<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-up-your-model" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>Instead of writing database operations right in the controller, queries |
| should be placed in a model, so they can easily be reused later. Models |
| are the place where you retrieve, insert, and update information in your |
| database or other data stores. They represent your data.</p> |
| <p>Open up the <em>application/models/</em> directory and create a new file called |
| <em>News_model.php</em> and add the following code. Make sure you’ve configured |
| your database properly as described <a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html"><span class="doc">here</span></a>.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o"><?</span><span class="nx">php</span> |
| <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">News_model</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Model</span> <span class="p">{</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="p">{</span> |
| <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">database</span><span class="p">();</span> |
| <span class="p">}</span> |
| <span class="p">}</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>This code looks similar to the controller code that was used earlier. It |
| creates a new model by extending <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Model</span></code> and loads the database |
| library. This will make the database class available through the |
| <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this->db</span></code> object.</p> |
| <p>Before querying the database, a database schema has to be created. |
| Connect to your database and run the SQL command below (MySQL). |
| Also add some seed records.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">CREATE</span> <span class="nx">TABLE</span> <span class="nx">news</span> <span class="p">(</span> |
| <span class="nx">id</span> <span class="nx">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="nx">AUTO_INCREMENT</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="nx">title</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="nx">slug</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="nx">text</span> <span class="nx">text</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="nx">PRIMARY</span> <span class="nx">KEY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">id</span><span class="p">),</span> |
| <span class="nx">KEY</span> <span class="nx">slug</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">slug</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="p">);</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>Now that the database and a model have been set up, you’ll need a method |
| to get all of our posts from our database. To do this, the database |
| abstraction layer that is included with CodeIgniter — |
| <a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> — is used. This makes it |
| possible to write your ‘queries’ once and make them work on <a class="reference internal" href="../general/requirements.html"><span class="doc">all |
| supported database systems</span></a>. Add the |
| following code to your model.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">get_news</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="p">{</span> |
| <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="p">{</span> |
| <span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'news'</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">result_array</span><span class="p">();</span> |
| <span class="p">}</span> |
| |
| <span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">get_where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'news'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'slug'</span> <span class="o">=></span> <span class="nv">$slug</span><span class="p">));</span> |
| <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">row_array</span><span class="p">();</span> |
| <span class="p">}</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>With this code you can perform two different queries. You can get all |
| news records, or get a news item by its <a class="reference external" href="#">slug</a>. You might have |
| noticed that the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$slug</span></code> variable wasn’t sanitized before running the |
| query; <a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> does this for you.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="display-the-news"> |
| <h2>Display the news<a class="headerlink" href="#display-the-news" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>Now that the queries are written, the model should be tied to the views |
| that are going to display the news items to the user. This could be done |
| in our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Pages</span></code> controller created earlier, but for the sake of clarity, |
| a new <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">News</span></code> controller is defined. Create the new controller at |
| <em>application/controllers/News.php</em>.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o"><?</span><span class="nx">php</span> |
| <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">News</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="p">{</span> |
| <span class="k">parent</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">__construct</span><span class="p">();</span> |
| <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'news_model'</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'url_helper'</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| <span class="p">}</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="p">{</span> |
| <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'news'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">news_model</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">get_news</span><span class="p">();</span> |
| <span class="p">}</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="p">{</span> |
| <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'news_item'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">news_model</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">get_news</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| <span class="p">}</span> |
| <span class="p">}</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>Looking at the code, you may see some similarity with the files we |
| created earlier. First, the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__construct()</span></code> method: it calls the |
| constructor of its parent class (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Controller</span></code>) and loads the model, |
| so it can be used in all other methods in this controller. |
| It also loads a collection of <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL Helper</span></a> |
| functions, because we’ll use one of them in a view later.</p> |
| <p>Next, there are two methods to view all news items and one for a specific |
| news item. You can see that the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$slug</span></code> variable is passed to the model’s |
| method in the second method. The model is using this slug to identify the |
| news item to be returned.</p> |
| <p>Now the data is retrieved by the controller through our model, but |
| nothing is displayed yet. The next thing to do is passing this data to |
| the views.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="p">{</span> |
| <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'news'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">news_model</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">get_news</span><span class="p">();</span> |
| <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'title'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'News archive'</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| |
| <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'templates/header'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'news/index'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'templates/footer'</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| <span class="p">}</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>The code above gets all news records from the model and assigns it to a |
| variable. The value for the title is also assigned to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$data['title']</span></code> |
| element and all data is passed to the views. You now need to create a |
| view to render the news items. Create <em>application/views/news/index.php</em> |
| and add the next piece of code.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">h2</span><span class="o">><?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?></span><span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">h2</span><span class="p">></span> |
| |
| <span class="cp"><?php</span> <span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$news</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="cp">?></span> |
| |
| <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">></span><span class="cp"><?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'title'</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="cp">?></span><span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">></span> |
| <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"main"</span><span class="p">></span> |
| <span class="cp"><?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'text'</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="cp">?></span> |
| <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">></span> |
| <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">><</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="cp"><?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">site_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'news/'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'slug'</span><span class="p">]);</span> <span class="cp">?></span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">></span>View article<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">></</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">></span> |
| |
| <span class="cp"><?php</span> <span class="k">endforeach</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?></span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>Here, each news item is looped and displayed to the user. You can see we |
| wrote our template in PHP mixed with HTML. If you prefer to use a template |
| language, you can use CodeIgniter’s <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html"><span class="doc">Template |
| Parser</span></a> class or a third party parser.</p> |
| <p>The news overview page is now done, but a page to display individual |
| news items is still absent. The model created earlier is made in such |
| way that it can easily be used for this functionality. You only need to |
| add some code to the controller and create a new view. Go back to the |
| <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">News</span></code> controller and update <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view()</span></code> with the following:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="p">{</span> |
| <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'news_item'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">news_model</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">get_news</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">empty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'news_item'</span><span class="p">]))</span> |
| <span class="p">{</span> |
| <span class="nx">show_404</span><span class="p">();</span> |
| <span class="p">}</span> |
| |
| <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'title'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'news_item'</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">'title'</span><span class="p">];</span> |
| |
| <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'templates/header'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'news/view'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'templates/footer'</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| <span class="p">}</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>Instead of calling the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_news()</span></code> method without a parameter, the |
| <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$slug</span></code> variable is passed, so it will return the specific news item. |
| The only things left to do is create the corresponding view at |
| <em>application/views/news/view.php</em>. Put the following code in this file.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o"><?</span><span class="nx">php</span> |
| <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">'<h2>'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'title'</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">'</h2>'</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'text'</span><span class="p">];</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="routing"> |
| <h2>Routing<a class="headerlink" href="#routing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>Because of the wildcard routing rule created earlier, you need an extra |
| route to view the controller that you just made. Modify your routing file |
| (<em>application/config/routes.php</em>) so it looks as follows. |
| This makes sure the requests reaches the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">News</span></code> controller instead of |
| going directly to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Pages</span></code> controller. The first line routes URI’s |
| with a slug to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view()</span></code> method in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">News</span></code> controller.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'news/(:any)'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'news/view/$1'</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| <span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'news'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'news'</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| <span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'(:any)'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'pages/view/$1'</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| <span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'default_controller'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'pages/view'</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>Point your browser to your document root, followed by index.php/news and |
| watch your news page.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| |
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