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265<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
266<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
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339<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
340</ul>
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350<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
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353<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
354<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
355<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
356<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
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358<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
359</ul>
360</li>
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385</ul>
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388
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423 <div role="main" class="document">
424
425 <div class="section" id="news-section">
426<h1>News section<a class="headerlink" href="#news-section" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
427<p>In the last section, we went over some basic concepts of the framework
428by writing a class that includes static pages. We cleaned up the URI by
429adding custom routing rules. Now it’s time to introduce dynamic content
430and start using a database.</p>
431<div class="section" id="setting-up-your-model">
432<h2>Setting up your model<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-up-your-model" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
433<p>Instead of writing database operations right in the controller, queries
434should be placed in a model, so they can easily be reused later. Models
435are the place where you retrieve, insert, and update information in your
436database or other data stores. They represent your data.</p>
437<p>Open up the <em>application/models/</em> directory and create a new file called
438<em>News_model.php</em> and add the following code. Make sure you’ve configured
439your database properly as described <a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html"><span class="doc">here</span></a>.</p>
440<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
441<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">News_model</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Model</span> <span class="p">{</span>
442
443 <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">()</span>
444 <span class="p">{</span>
445 <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">database</span><span class="p">();</span>
446 <span class="p">}</span>
447<span class="p">}</span>
448</pre></div>
449</div>
450<p>This code looks similar to the controller code that was used earlier. It
451creates a new model by extending <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Model</span></code> and loads the database
452library. This will make the database class available through the
453<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this-&gt;db</span></code> object.</p>
454<p>Before querying the database, a database schema has to be created.
455Connect to your database and run the SQL command below (MySQL).
456Also add some seed records.</p>
457<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">CREATE</span> <span class="nx">TABLE</span> <span class="nx">news</span> <span class="p">(</span>
458 <span class="nx">id</span> <span class="nx">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="nx">AUTO_INCREMENT</span><span class="p">,</span>
459 <span class="nx">title</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
460 <span class="nx">slug</span> <span class="nx">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
461 <span class="nx">text</span> <span class="nx">text</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
462 <span class="nx">PRIMARY</span> <span class="nx">KEY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">id</span><span class="p">),</span>
463 <span class="nx">KEY</span> <span class="nx">slug</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">slug</span><span class="p">)</span>
464<span class="p">);</span>
465</pre></div>
466</div>
467<p>Now that the database and a model have been set up, you’ll need a method
468to get all of our posts from our database. To do this, the database
469abstraction layer that is included with CodeIgniter —
470<a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> — is used. This makes it
471possible to write your ‘queries’ once and make them work on <a class="reference internal" href="../general/requirements.html"><span class="doc">all
472supported database systems</span></a>. Add the
473following code to your model.</p>
474<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">get_news</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
475<span class="p">{</span>
476 <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
477 <span class="p">{</span>
478 <span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
479 <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">result_array</span><span class="p">();</span>
480 <span class="p">}</span>
481
482 <span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;slug&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$slug</span><span class="p">));</span>
483 <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">row_array</span><span class="p">();</span>
484<span class="p">}</span>
485</pre></div>
486</div>
487<p>With this code you can perform two different queries. You can get all
488news records, or get a news item by its <a class="reference external" href="#">slug</a>. You might have
489noticed that the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$slug</span></code> variable wasn’t sanitized before running the
490query; <a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html"><span class="doc">Query Builder</span></a> does this for you.</p>
491</div>
492<div class="section" id="display-the-news">
493<h2>Display the news<a class="headerlink" href="#display-the-news" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
494<p>Now that the queries are written, the model should be tied to the views
495that are going to display the news items to the user. This could be done
496in our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Pages</span></code> controller created earlier, but for the sake of clarity,
497a new <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">News</span></code> controller is defined. Create the new controller at
498<em>application/controllers/News.php</em>.</p>
499<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
500<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">News</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
501
502 <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">()</span>
503 <span class="p">{</span>
504 <span class="k">parent</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">__construct</span><span class="p">();</span>
505 <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news_model&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
506 <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">helper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;url_helper&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
507 <span class="p">}</span>
508
509 <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
510 <span class="p">{</span>
511 <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">news_model</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_news</span><span class="p">();</span>
512 <span class="p">}</span>
513
514 <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span>
515 <span class="p">{</span>
516 <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news_item&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">news_model</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_news</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span><span class="p">);</span>
517 <span class="p">}</span>
518<span class="p">}</span>
519</pre></div>
520</div>
521<p>Looking at the code, you may see some similarity with the files we
522created earlier. First, the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__construct()</span></code> method: it calls the
523constructor of its parent class (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Controller</span></code>) and loads the model,
524so it can be used in all other methods in this controller.
525It also loads a collection of <a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html"><span class="doc">URL Helper</span></a>
526functions, because we’ll use one of them in a view later.</p>
527<p>Next, there are two methods to view all news items and one for a specific
528news item. You can see that the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$slug</span></code> variable is passed to the model’s
529method in the second method. The model is using this slug to identify the
530news item to be returned.</p>
531<p>Now the data is retrieved by the controller through our model, but
532nothing is displayed yet. The next thing to do is passing this data to
533the views.</p>
534<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
535<span class="p">{</span>
536 <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">news_model</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_news</span><span class="p">();</span>
537 <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;News archive&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
538
539 <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/header&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
540 <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/index&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
541 <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/footer&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
542<span class="p">}</span>
543</pre></div>
544</div>
545<p>The code above gets all news records from the model and assigns it to a
546variable. The value for the title is also assigned to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$data['title']</span></code>
547element and all data is passed to the views. You now need to create a
548view to render the news items. Create <em>application/views/news/index.php</em>
549and add the next piece of code.</p>
550<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">h2</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h2</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
551
552<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$news</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
553
554 <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h3</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
555 <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;main&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
556 <span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
557 <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
558 <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nx">site_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;slug&#39;</span><span class="p">]);</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>View article<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
559
560<span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="k">endforeach</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
561</pre></div>
562</div>
563<p>Here, each news item is looped and displayed to the user. You can see we
564wrote our template in PHP mixed with HTML. If you prefer to use a template
565language, you can use CodeIgniter’s <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html"><span class="doc">Template
566Parser</span></a> class or a third party parser.</p>
567<p>The news overview page is now done, but a page to display individual
568news items is still absent. The model created earlier is made in such
569way that it can easily be used for this functionality. You only need to
570add some code to the controller and create a new view. Go back to the
571<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">News</span></code> controller and update <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view()</span></code> with the following:</p>
572<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span>
573<span class="p">{</span>
574 <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news_item&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">news_model</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get_news</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$slug</span><span class="p">);</span>
575
576 <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">empty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news_item&#39;</span><span class="p">]))</span>
577 <span class="p">{</span>
578 <span class="nx">show_404</span><span class="p">();</span>
579 <span class="p">}</span>
580
581 <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news_item&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
582
583 <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/header&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
584 <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/view&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span>
585 <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;templates/footer&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
586<span class="p">}</span>
587</pre></div>
588</div>
589<p>Instead of calling the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_news()</span></code> method without a parameter, the
590<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$slug</span></code> variable is passed, so it will return the specific news item.
591The only things left to do is create the corresponding view at
592<em>application/views/news/view.php</em>. Put the following code in this file.</p>
593<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
594<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;h2&gt;&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39;&lt;/h2&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
595<span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$news_item</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span><span class="p">];</span>
596</pre></div>
597</div>
598</div>
599<div class="section" id="routing">
600<h2>Routing<a class="headerlink" href="#routing" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
601<p>Because of the wildcard routing rule created earlier, you need an extra
602route to view the controller that you just made. Modify your routing file
603(<em>application/config/routes.php</em>) so it looks as follows.
604This makes sure the requests reaches the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">News</span></code> controller instead of
605going directly to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Pages</span></code> controller. The first line routes URI’s
606with a slug to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view()</span></code> method in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">News</span></code> controller.</p>
607<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news/(:any)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;news/view/$1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
608<span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;news&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
609<span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;(:any)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;pages/view/$1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
610<span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default_controller&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;pages/view&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
611</pre></div>
612</div>
613<p>Point your browser to your document root, followed by index.php/news and
614watch your news page.</p>
615</div>
616</div>
617
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625
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